In South Korea, farmers typically belong to a “fishing village contract” and have private farms. However, these types of farms, especially in the Southern province of Jeonnam, can be large scale with several employees. However, similar demographic developments as in Japan make it more and more difficult to find enough labour locally. Here labour ‘only’ accounts for about 30- 40% of the total production costs.

In Japan, all farmers are cooperative members, while everyone has their own unit where they work. Almost all farmers run small operations in a family-based household industry. The participation fee of being part of a farmers cooperative is 2,000 USD. This will be paid back once the farmer leaves the cooperative. Farmers are getting extremely old and many of them don’t have a successor.

The companies in China have to employ many workers as operations are large and rely on manual labour for farm tasks. Certain tasks are physically demanding and workers often have to work day and night during peak season. Labour costs have been increasing rapidly (a farm worker currently earns about 28,000 USD  or 200,000 yuan annually). In China,  labour costs make up 50-70% of the total cost.